Reading the Wall

Sources

Sources are numbered in the order they are first cited. Web pages were accessed in October and November 2026. Where a claim rests on a coach’s or a gym’s advice rather than on a study, the text says so.

  1. Hörst, E.J.: Center of Gravity Placement Part 2: Using the Twist-Lock to Optimize COG on Steep Terrain, https://nicros.com/training/training-articles/center-of-gravity-placement-part-2/.Cited in Centre of gravity and base of support, Hips and the wall, Twist lock.
  2. Bonelli, E., Rampichini, S., Esposito, F., Rossi, G., Colombo, A., Limonta, E.: Climber’s muscle excitation and force distribution at different wall angles and body positions. European Journal of Applied Physiology. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-06047-y.Cited in Centre of gravity and base of support, Hips and the wall, Rotation and the barn door, Reading the wall for body position, Straight arms, Barn door, Sitting into it.
  3. Hörst, E.J.: Center of Gravity Placement Part 1, https://nicros.com/training/training-articles/center-of-gravity-placement-part-1/.Cited in Centre of gravity and base of support, Hips and the wall, Feet and legs, Feet first, Precise footwork, Reading the wall for body position, Weight shift, Frog position.
  4. Noé, F., Quaine, F., Martin, L.: Influence of steep gradient supporting walls in rock climbing: biomechanical analysis. Gait & Posture. 13, 86–94 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00098-9.Cited in Centre of gravity and base of support, Hips and the wall.
  5. Gresham, N.: Get Better: 10 Counterintuitive Tactics to Take Your Climbing to the Next Level, https://www.climbing.com/skills/five-counterintuitive-climbing-tips-for-rock-climbing/.Cited in Centre of gravity and base of support, Straight arms: hang on your skeleton, Weight shift, Straight arms, Frog position, Turning the hip in, Bumping.
  6. Zampagni, M.L., Brigadoi, S., Schena, F., Tosi, P., Ivanenko, Y.P.: Idiosyncratic control of the center of mass in expert climbers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 21, 688–699 (2011).Cited in Centre of gravity and base of support, Hips and the wall, Weight shift.
  7. Exel, J., Deimel, D., Koller, W., Werle, C., Baca, A., Maffiodo, D., Sesana, R., Colombo, A., Kainz, H.: Neuromechanics of finger hangs with arm lock-offs: analyzing joint moments and muscle activations to improve practice guidelines for climbing. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 5, 1251089 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1251089.Cited in Straight arms: hang on your skeleton.
  8. Hörst, E.J.: Fundamentals of Technique 4, https://nicros.com/training/training-articles/fundamentals-of-technique-4/.Cited in Straight arms: hang on your skeleton, Straight arms.
  9. Climbing.com: Climbing Techniques: How to Undercling, https://www.climbing.com/skills/climbing-techniques-how-to-undercling/.Cited in Straight arms: hang on your skeleton, Reading the wall for body position, Straight arms, Opposition, Every hold has a direction, Undercling.
  10. Hooper, J.: Inaccurate Climbing Advice I Hear Every Day (Even from Pros!), https://www.hoopersbeta.com/library/inaccurate-climbing-advice-i-hear-every-day-even-from-pros.Cited in Straight arms: hang on your skeleton, Straight arms, Body tension.
  11. British Mountaineering Council: FUNdamentals of Climbing 2: Outcomes and Syllabus, https://media-cdn.cortextech.io/IEN9/1BSdBWIjChWbTc/0cc07580-cbd4-4bdf-bffc-ca16c5586d9b.docx.Cited in Straight arms: hang on your skeleton, Holds have a direction, Straight arms, Stemming, Side flag, Layback, Drop knee.
  12. Rowland, D.: What Is Straight-Arming and Why Every Climber Should Do It, https://philarockgym.com/what-is-straight-arming-and-why-every-climber-should-do-it/.Cited in Straight arms: hang on your skeleton, Straight arms.
  13. Vagy, J.: Injury-Free Movement for Rock Climbers, https://www.climbing.com/skills/injury-free-movement-for-rock-climbers/.Cited in Hips and the wall, Straight arms, Lock-off.
  14. Hooper, J.: When “Tight to the Wall” Actually Does the Opposite – Coaching w/ Dan #4, https://www.hoopersbeta.com/library/body-tension-coaching-with-dan.Cited in Hips and the wall, Sitting into it, Body tension, Sloper, From V4 to V5.
  15. Climbing.com: How to Climb Slopers? Hint: It’s All about Body Position, https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-climb-slopers-hint-its-all-about-body-position/.Cited in Holds have a direction, Reading the wall for body position, Sitting into it, Body tension, Opposition, Compression, Problem 7: Volumes.
  16. Hörst, E.J.: Fundamentals of Technique 6, https://nicros.com/training/training-articles/fundamentals-of-technique-6/.Cited in Holds have a direction, Reading the wall for body position, Turning the hip in, Opposition, Gaston.
  17. Hörst, E.J.: Fundamentals of Technique 2, https://nicros.com/training/training-articles/fundamentals-of-technique-2/.Cited in Rotation and the barn door, Reading the wall for body position, Weight shift, Barn door.
  18. Hörst, E.J.: Fundamentals of Technique 5, https://nicros.com/training/training-articles/fundamentals-of-technique-5/.Cited in Barn door, Side flag.
  19. Baker, J.: Face Climbing Principles... The Basics, https://johnbaker.substack.com/p/face-climbing-principles-the-basics.Cited in Rotation and the barn door, Barn door, Lock-off, Problem 8: Cave.
  20. Ellison, J.: Feeling Unbalanced? Make Sure You Know How to Flag, https://www.climbing.com/skills/climbing-techniques-how-to-flag/.Cited in Rotation and the barn door, Barn door, Side flag, Back flag, Body tension, Problem 8: Cave.
  21. Rowland, D.: Dynamic Climbing 1.0: Deadpointing, https://philarockgym.com/dynamic-climbing-1-0-deadpointing/.Cited in Static and dynamic, Static or dynamic?, Where “deadpoint” comes from, Power comes from the legs and hips, Momentum and timing, Deadpoint, One-handed dyno, Problem 6: Long gap.
  22. Hooper, J.: So Many Climbers Refuse to Do What This Short Girl Does... And It Holds Them Back, https://www.hoopersbeta.com/library/so-many-climbers-refuse-to-climb-this-way-and-it-kills-their-progress.Cited in Tension: connecting hands and feet, Body tension.
  23. Hooper, J.: Are Climbers Wasting Their Time Training Core? (A Measured Argument), https://www.hoopersbeta.com/library/are-climbers-wasting-their-time-training-core-a-measured-argument.Cited in Tension: connecting hands and feet, Body tension.
  24. Sanchez, X., Lambert, P., Jones, G., Llewellyn, D.J.: Efficacy of pre-ascent climbing route visual inspection in indoor sport climbing. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 22, 67–72 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01151.x.Cited in Why read first, Learning technique, Endurance.
  25. Sanchez, X., Torregrossa, M., Woodman, T., Jones, G., Llewellyn, D.J.: Identification of Parameters That Predict Sport Climbing Performance. Frontiers in Psychology. 10, (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01294.Cited in Why read first, The method, step by step.
  26. Pezzulo, G., Barca, L., Bocconi, A.L., Borghi, A.M.: When affordances climb into your mind: advantages of motor simulation in a memory task performed by novice and expert rock climbers. Brain and Cognition. 73, 68–73 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.03.002.Cited in Why read first.
  27. Moretti, R., Gordon, J., Maselli, A., Pezzulo, G.: Problem difficulty and expertise modulate planning performance in a virtual embodied task. Journal of Neurophysiology. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00236.2025.Cited in Why read first.
  28. Marcen-Cinca, N., Sanchez, X., Otin, S., Cimarras-Otal, C., Bataller-Cervero, A.V.: Visual Perception in Expert Athletes: The Case of Rock Climbers. Frontiers in Psychology. 13, (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903518.Cited in Why read first.
  29. Winkler, M., Künzell, S., Augste, C.: The Load Structure in International Competitive Climbing. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 4, 790336 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.790336.Cited in Why read first, Rest between attempts.
  30. Kuelthau, W.: Beginner’s Guide to Bouldering: What It Is & How to Get Started, https://www.99boulders.com/what-is-bouldering.Cited in The method, step by step, Top-outs.
  31. Walton, C.: Volumes: The New Dimensions of Indoor Climbing, https://blog.movementgyms.com/volumes-the-new-dimensions-of-indoor-climbing.Cited in The method, step by step, Volumes.
  32. British Mountaineering Council: Indoor Climbing Grades Explained, https://thebmc.co.uk/en/indoor-climbing-grades-explained.Cited in The method, step by step, Indoor grades, Sit starts, Grade by grade, VB–V0 (Font 3–4+), Grade conversion, Circuits and colours.
  33. La Fabrique Verticale: 12 Tips to a Successful Bouldering Strategy, https://lafabriqueverticale.com/en/12-tips-to-a-successful-bouldering-strategy/.Cited in The method, step by step, What to read first on each kind of wall, Top-outs, Reading and tactics.
  34. Gresham, N.: Route Reading: How to Guide, https://rockrun.com/blogs/the-flash-rock-run-blog/route-reading-how-to-guide.Cited in The method, step by step, Reading and tactics, Problem 3: Overhang.
  35. Gresham, N.: Top 10 Technique Tips for Indoor Climbing, https://www.climber.co.uk/indoor/indoor-climbing/top-1-technique-tips-for-indoor-climbing/.Cited in The method, step by step, Hold direction and body position, What to read first on each kind of wall, Feet and legs, Feet first, Shoes, Precise footwork, Edging, High step, Foot swap, Pulling with the toes, Knee bar, Stemming, How the wall angle changes your body, Volumes, Traverses, Overhangs, Sit starts, Balance and swinging, Feet, Reach and steep ground, Holds, Corners and traverses, Problem 5: Sit start.
  36. Friction Labs: 6 Ways to Read Climbing Gym Routes, https://shop.frictionlabs.com/blogs/climb-your-impossible/6-ways-to-read-climbing-gym-routes.Cited in The method, step by step, When to change the beta, Reading and tactics, Problem 3: Overhang.
  37. Anderson, L.: Ask a Setter: Avoid These Common Mistakes, https://www.climbingbusinessjournal.com/ask-a-setter-avoid-these-common-mistakes/.Cited in The method, step by step, What the setter had in mind, Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Indoor grades, Slab technique, Climbing small, Reading and tactics.
  38. Mountain Project forum: Gym Route Setting?, https://www.mountainproject.com/forum/message/112433997.Cited in The method, step by step, What the setter had in mind.
  39. Martin, J.D.: Climbing Technique: Outside Edge, Flag and Drop Knee, https://www.alpineinstitute.com/climbing-technique-outside-edge-flag-and-drop-knee/.Cited in The method, step by step, Edging, Vertical walls, Traverses, Overhangs, Balance and swinging.
  40. British Mountaineering Council: Get to Grips with Route Reading, https://www.thebmc.co.uk/en/get-to-grips-with-route-reading.Cited in The method, step by step, Hold direction and body position, Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, When to change the beta, Holds.
  41. Ergun, E.: Why You Should Try Route Reading (If You Don’t Already!), https://blog.movementgyms.com/why-you-should-try-route-reading-if-you-dont-already.Cited in The method, step by step, Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Flash or project?, Reading and tactics.
  42. Movement Climbing: 5 Climbing Techniques and How to Use Them, https://blog.movementgyms.com/5-climbing-techniques-and-how-to-use-them.Cited in Hold direction and body position, Opposition, Sidepull, Traverses, Feet, Holds.
  43. Bruijn, B. de: 10 Tips for How to Climb Volumes, https://gripped.com/indoor-climbing/10-tips-for-how-to-climb-volumes/.Cited in Hold direction and body position, What to read first on each kind of wall, Palming, Mantle, Sloper, Pinch, Wrapping, Re-gripping and adjusting, Using the thumb, Volumes, Holds, Slab and volumes, Problem 1: Slab, Problem 4: Steep wall, Problem 7: Volumes.
  44. Pardy, A.: 10 Tips for Comp-Style Boulder Problems, https://gripped.com/sections/training/10-tips-for-comp-style-boulder-problems/.Cited in Hold direction and body position, What to read first on each kind of wall, What the setter had in mind, Flash or project?, Cutting loose and swing control, Run-and-jump, Jumping to a foothold, Volumes, Roofs, Dynamic slab, Balance and swinging, Slab and volumes, Problem 1: Slab.
  45. Westlake, D.: Technique Tips – Article 2: Slabs, https://rockrun.com/blogs/the-flash-rock-run-blog/technique-tips-article-2-slabs-training-and-skills.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, How the wall angle changes your body, Slab technique, Slab and volumes, Problem 1: Slab.
  46. Ross, C.J.: Bouldering Tip: Why Are Slab Holds So Hard to Grasp? (Zach Richardson), https://sendhelpclimbing.substack.com/p/bouldering-tip-why-are-slab-holds.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, How the wall angle changes your body, Slab technique, Slab and volumes.
  47. Hörst, E.J.: Fundamentals of Technique 7: Twist Lock and Backstep on Steep Terrain, https://nicros.com/training/training-articles/fundamentals-of-technique-7/.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, How the wall angle changes your body, Overhangs, Reach and steep ground.
  48. Gresham, N.: Toe-Hooking and Clamping, https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/skills/series/neil_gresham_technique_and_training/toe-hooking_and_clamping-11552.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, How the wall angle changes your body, Roofs, Feet.
  49. Gresham, N.: Unlock the Secret Power of Toe Hooks to Elevate Your Climbing, https://www.climbing.com/skills/rock-climbing-technique-foot-toe-hooks-tips/?scope=anon.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, Toe hook, Bicycle, Heel–toe cam, Roofs, Problem 8: Cave.
  50. Westlake, D.: Technique Tips – Article 3: Aretes, https://rockrun.com/blogs/the-flash-rock-run-blog/technique-tips-article-3-aretes-training-and-skills.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, How the wall angle changes your body, Arêtes, Balance and swinging.
  51. Movement Climbing: Climbing Techniques Part 2: 7 More Moves Every Climber Should Know, https://blog.movementgyms.com/7-more-moves-every-climber-should-know.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, Rockover, Toe hook, Frog position, Stemming, Layback, How the wall angle changes your body, Roofs, Feet, Corners and traverses.
  52. Walker, N.: Top Olympian Tomoa Narasaki Teaches Coordination, https://gripped.com/indoor-climbing/top-olympian-tomoa-narasaki-teaches-coordination/.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, Dynamic slab, Reach and steep ground, Slab and volumes.
  53. Gresham, N.: Technique – Heel Hooking, https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/skills/series/neil_gresham_technique_and_training/technique_-_heel_hooking-11327.Cited in What to read first on each kind of wall, Top-outs, Roofs.
  54. McMullan, N.: Making Moves: Top Tips for Routesetters, https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/page.php?id=7406.Cited in What the setter had in mind.
  55. Safford, J.: How to Routeset & Grade Routes in Gyms Far from Outdoor Climbing?, https://cwapro.org/blog/how-to-routeset-and-grade-routes-in-gyms-far-from-outdoor-climbing.Cited in What the setter had in mind, Indoor grades, Slab technique, Dynamic slab.
  56. Boulder Movement: The Nuances of Climbing Gym Gradings, https://bouldermovement.substack.com/p/the-nuances-of-climbing-grades.Cited in What the setter had in mind, Indoor grades, Reading and tactics.
  57. La Fabrique Verticale: Route Setting: How to Build Gym Favorites and Avoid Common Mistakes, https://lafabriqueverticale.com/en/route-setting-how-to-avoid-common-mistakes/.Cited in What the setter had in mind, Reading and tactics.
  58. Chapman, G.: Climbing at Your Limit: Tactics, https://rockrun.com/nl/blogs/the-flash-rock-run-blog/climbing-at-your-limit-tactics-training-and-skills.Cited in Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Flash or project?, Rest between attempts, When to change the beta, Endurance, Reading and tactics.
  59. Osius, A.: Coming up Short? These Five Tips Will Extend Your Reach, https://www.climbing.com/skills/advice-for-shorter-climbers/.Cited in Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Backstep, Climbing small.
  60. Pillai, J.: Sending Tips for Short Climbers, https://goodbeta.co.za/sending-tips-for-short-climbers/.Cited in Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Edging, Deadpoint, Climbing small.
  61. Hanes, L.: Shorty Beta: Hacks for Short Climbers to Maximize Their Reach, https://trainingforclimbing.com/shorty-beta-hacks-for-short-climbers-to-maximize-their-reach/.Cited in Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Hand–foot match, Backstep, Climbing small, Problem 6: Long gap.
  62. Samet, M.: Are You Actually “Too Short” For That Climb?, https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-short-climbers-can-do-reachy-moves/.Cited in Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Edging, High step, Sidepull, Climbing small, Problem 6: Long gap.
  63. Demeis-Ortiz, R.: Climbing holds just out of reach? Learn how to stretch every last inch, https://blog.movementgyms.com/climbing-holds-just-out-of-reach-learn-how-to-stretch-every-last-inch.Cited in Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Edging, Lock-off.
  64. Rowland, D.: How Do Climbing Grades Work?, https://philarockgym.com/how-do-climbing-grades-work/.Cited in Other people’s beta, and reading for your size, Indoor grades, Reading and tactics.
  65. Mckellar, B.J., Coates, A.M., Cohen, J.N., Burr, J.F.: Time Management Strategies of Rock Climbers in World Cup Bouldering Finals. Journal of Human Kinetics. 86, 165–174 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/159652.Cited in Flash or project?, How the wall angle changes your body, Slab technique, Dynamic slab.
  66. Mirsky, D.: 11 Simple Projecting Tips for Rock Climbing, https://www.frictionlabs.com/blogs/climb-your-impossible/11-simple-tips-on-projecting.Cited in Flash or project?, When to change the beta, Reading and tactics.
  67. Martin, J.D.: Projecting a Climb, https://www.alpineinstitute.com/projecting-a-climb/.Cited in Flash or project?.
  68. Broadhurst, M.: 6 Mindset Tips for Successful Projecting, https://latticetraining.com/blog/6-mindset-tips-for-successful-projecting.Cited in Flash or project?.
  69. Hammer, J.: Using the Attempt Timer: Endurance, Power Endurance & Limit Sessions, https://kayaclimb.com/blog/kaya-attempt-timer-and-session-intensity.Cited in Rest between attempts, Endurance.
  70. White, D.J., Olsen, P.D.: A time motion analysis of bouldering style competitive rock climbing. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 24, 1356–1360 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cf75bd.Cited in Rest between attempts.
  71. Beale, A.: Bouldering Grades: The Complete Guide, https://www.99boulders.com/bouldering-grades.Cited in Indoor grades, Grade conversion.
  72. River Rock Climbing: Route Setting, https://riverrockclimbing.com/about-the-gym/route-setting/.Cited in Indoor grades.
  73. Hart, T.: How to Train Consistently When Every Gym Grades Differently, https://trainingforclimbing.com/climbing-gym-grade-variance-and-training-system/.Cited in Indoor grades, Reading and tactics.
  74. Bruijn, B. de: Understanding Rock Climbing Grades, https://gripped.com/profiles/lets-talk-about-grades/.Cited in Indoor grades.
  75. Fischl, J.: How to Understand Bouldering Levels and Climbing Grades at Any Gym, https://boulderingproject.com/blog/understand-climbing-grades-at-any-gym.Cited in Indoor grades, Grade by grade.
  76. Mountain Project forum: Progressing from V2 to V3 Boulders, https://www.mountainproject.com/forum/topic/113643425/progressing-from-v2-to-v3-boulders.Cited in Feet and legs, Precise footwork, Heel hook, Toe hook, V2 (Font 5+).
  77. NICAS: NICAS Bouldering Scheme Overview, https://www.nicas.co.uk/brand_central/nicas-bouldering-scheme-overview/.Cited in Feet and legs.
  78. Touchstone Climbing: Gateway to Advanced Technique, https://portal.touchstoneclimbing.com/la/programs/gateway-to-advanced-technique.Cited in Feet and legs, Rockover, Heel hook, Drop knee, Mantle, Dyno, Grade by grade, From V4 to V5, V5 (Font 6C/6C+).
  79. Movement Climbing: Intermediate Technique Series, https://portal.movementgyms.com/harlem/programs/intermediate-technique-series.Cited in Feet and legs, Heel hook, Grade by grade, From V4 to V5.
  80. Rowland, D.: Mastering Foot Sequencing in Climbing, https://philarockgym.com/mastering-foot-sequencing-in-climbing/.Cited in Feet first, Foot swap.
  81. Anderson, M., Anderson, M.: 7 Simple Drills to Improve Your Footwork, https://www.climbing.com/trainning/training-7-simple-drills-to-improve-footwork-and-technique/?scope=anon.Cited in Feet first, Precise footwork, Edging, Front-pointing, Smearing, High step.
  82. Michalski, M.: Die richtige Fußtechnik beim Klettern und Bouldern, https://www.bergzeit.de/magazin/fusstechnik-klettern-bouldern/.Cited in Feet first, Smearing, High step.
  83. Stöhr, R.: Fit für den Tritt, https://www.outdoor-magazin.com/klettern/fit-fuer-den-tritt/.Cited in Feet first, Front-pointing, High step.
  84. Hörst, E.J.: Improve Climbing Footwork with “Target Practice”, https://trainingforclimbing.com/improve-climbing-footwork-with-target-practice/.Cited in Feet first, Precise footwork.
  85. Pardy, A.: Five Fun Drills to Improve Your Climbing Footwork, https://gripped.com/indoor-climbing/five-fun-drills-to-improve-your-climbing-footwork/.Cited in Feet first, Precise footwork, Foot swap, Pulling with the toes.
  86. Gresham, N.: Quit Floundering: Turn Your Feet into Precision Instruments with These 10 Tips, https://www.climbing.com/skills/quit-floundering-turn-your-feet-into-precision-instruments-with-these-10-tips/?scope=anon.Cited in Shoes, Edging, Front-pointing, Smearing, Pivoting, Foot swap, Pulling with the toes, Slab technique, Problem 4: Steep wall.
  87. Westlake, D.: Technique Tips – Article 1: Overhangs, https://rockrun.com/blogs/the-flash-rock-run-blog/technique-tips-article-1-overhangs-training-and-skills.Cited in Shoes, Pulling with the toes.
  88. Gripped: 10 Terms to Understand Climbing Footwork, https://gripped.com/profiles/10-terms-to-understand-climbing-footwork/.Cited in Shoes, Front-pointing, Bicycle, Heel–toe cam.
  89. Sportrock: Basics of Footwork, https://www.sportrock.com/post/basics-of-footwork.Cited in Shoes, Foot swap, Bicycle.
  90. Friction Labs: How to Toe-Hook for Climbing, https://shop.frictionlabs.com/blogs/climb-your-impossible/how-it-works-the-toehook.Cited in Shoes, Toe hook, Bicycle, Jumping to a foothold.
  91. Climbing.com: Learn the Secrets of Heel Hooks (for Beginners to Intermediates), https://www.climbing.com/skills/rock-climbing-how-to-heel-hook/?scope=anon.Cited in Shoes, Rockover, Hand–foot match, Heel hook, Heel–toe cam, Top-outs, Problem 3: Overhang.
  92. Climbing.com: Heel Hooking Isn’t as Easy as You Think. Here’s How to Nail It, https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-heel-hook/?scope=anon.Cited in Shoes, Heel hook, Problem 3: Overhang.
  93. Claassen, P.: Climb Harder with Better Footwork: Paige Claassen’s 6 Tips, https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-improve-your-footwork-for-climbing-2/?scope=anon.Cited in Shoes, Precise footwork, Edging, Toe hook, Jump start, Cutting loose and swing control, Campus move, Jumping to a foothold.
  94. Bergfreunde: Tritt- und Fußtechnik: Die Schlüssel zum Erfolg beim Klettern und Bouldern, https://www.berg-freunde.ch/blog/klettertechnik-stehen/.Cited in Precise footwork, Foot swap.
  95. Dunne, A.: Rock Climbing Footwork: The Basics, https://latticetraining.com/blog/rock-climbing-footwork-the-basics.Cited in Precise footwork, Edging, Smearing, Pivoting.
  96. Climbing.com: Whispers of Wisdom, https://www.climbing.com/skills/whispers-of-wisdom/?scope=anon.Cited in Precise footwork, Edging, Pivoting.
  97. Rowland, D.: What Is Smearing? A Simple Guide to This Climbing Technique, https://philarockgym.com/what-is-smearing-a-simple-guide-to-this-climbing-technique/.Cited in Precise footwork, Smearing.
  98. VDiff Climbing: Climbing Technique: Footwork, https://www.vdiffclimbing.com/sport-technique-footwork/.Cited in Edging, Front-pointing, Smearing, Heel–toe cam.
  99. Sportrock: Intermediate Climbing Footwork in 60 Seconds, https://sportrock.com/post/intermediate-footwork-in-60-seconds.Cited in Smearing.
  100. Rowland, D.: A Quick Climbing Tutorial on High Stepping, https://philarockgym.com/a-quick-climbing-tutorial-on-high-stepping/.Cited in High step, Hand–foot match.
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  114. Hampton, K.: How to Toe Hook: The Most Misunderstood Climbing Technique, https://www.powercompanyclimbing.com/blog/how-to-toe-hook.Cited in Toe hook, Problem 8: Cave.
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  117. Rowland, D.: Knee Bars: The Coolest Move in Climbing, https://philarockgym.com/knee-bars-the-coolest-move-in-climbing/.Cited in Knee bar.
  118. Friction Labs: How It Works: The Kneebar, https://shop.frictionlabs.com/blogs/climb-your-impossible/how-it-works-the-kneebar.Cited in Knee bar.
  119. Rowland, D.: Twist-Locking Series: The Complete Guidelines, https://philarockgym.com/twist-locking-series-the-complete-guidelines/.Cited in Reading the wall for body position, Frog position, Turning the hip in, Backstep, Back flag, Drop knee, Twist lock, Problem 8: Cave.
  120. Rowland, D.: How to Prevent the Annoying “Barn Door” in Climbing, https://philarockgym.com/how-to-prevent-the-annoying-barn-door-in-climbing/.Cited in Reading the wall for body position, Barn door.
  121. Rowland, D.: Twist-Locking Series: Advanced Concepts of Back-Stepping, https://philarockgym.com/twist-locking-series-advanced-concepts-of-back-stepping/.Cited in Reading the wall for body position, Frog position, Turning the hip in, Backstep, Twist lock, Problem 2: Traverse, Problem 4: Steep wall, Problem 5: Sit start.
  122. Rowland, D.: Twist-Locking Series: The Basics of Drop-Knees, https://philarockgym.com/twist-locking-series-the-basics-of-drop-knees/.Cited in Reading the wall for body position, Drop knee, Twist lock.
  123. Rowland, D.: Twist-Locking Series: The Basics of the Reverse Flag, https://philarockgym.com/twist-locking-series-the-basics-of-the-reverse-flag/.Cited in Reading the wall for body position, Back flag.
  124. British Mountaineering Council: FUNdamentals of Climbing 1: Movement. Workshop Programme, https://services.thebmc.co.uk/media/files/Skills/FUNdamentals%20Docs/FUNdamentals%20of%20Climbing%201%20workshop%20programme.pdf.Cited in Weight shift, Matching hands.
  125. Gresham, N.: Posture in Climbing, https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/series/neil_gresham_technique_and_training/posture_in_climbing-12297.Cited in Straight arms, Lock-off.
  126. Climbing.com: Wanna Get Instantly Better at Climbing? Here’s How, https://www.climbing.com/skills/get-instantly-better-at-climbing/.Cited in Straight arms, Lock-off.
  127. Rowland, D.: Twist-Locking Series: Straight-Arming and the Upper Body Twist, https://philarockgym.com/twist-locking-series-straight-arming-and-the-upper-body-twist/.Cited in Straight arms, Turning the hip in, Drop knee, Twist lock.
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  129. Martin, J.D.: Technique: Frogging, https://www.alpineinstitute.com/technique-frogging/.Cited in Frog position.
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  131. Rowland, D.: Twist-Locking Series: Prevent Back-Stepping Spinouts, https://philarockgym.com/twist-locking-series-prevent-back-stepping-spinouts/.Cited in Barn door, Backstep, Drop knee.
  132. Corrigan, K.: Two Blank Walls Make a Jug. Learn to Stem!, https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-stem-climbing/.Cited in Stemming, Opposition.
  133. Foxfield, A.: Rock Climbing Techniques: The Skills That Will See You Moving up the Grades, https://advnture.com/features/rock-climbing-techniques.Cited in Stemming, Jug, Sidepull, Palming, Gaston, How the wall angle changes your body, Slab technique, Arêtes, Problem 1: Slab.
  134. Phillips, R.: Training to Become a Better Climber – Part 3, https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/skills/series/become_a_better_climber/training_to_part_3-3924.Cited in Stemming, Arêtes, Corners and traverses.
  135. Hörst, E.J.: Steep Route Techniques to Climb Harder (Video Analysis), https://trainingforclimbing.com/steep-wall-climbing-techniques/.Cited in Turning the hip in, Drop knee.
  136. Rowland, D.: Twist-Locking Series: The Basics of Back-Stepping, https://philarockgym.com/twist-locking-series-the-basics-of-back-stepping/.Cited in Turning the hip in, Backstep, Twist lock.
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  138. Hooper, J.: Fix Your Shoulder Orientation – Coaching w/ Dan #2, https://www.hoopersbeta.com/library/shoulder-orientation-climbing-technique-2-coaching-w/-dan.Cited in Turning the hip in, Crossing hands, Lock-off.
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  140. Gresham, N.: Learn These Techniques for Attaining the Next Level, https://www.climbing.com/skills/flagging/.Cited in Side flag, Back flag, Inside flag.
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  143. Hooper, J.: Why Do Some Climbers Struggle with Crossovers? – Coaching w/ Dan #5, https://www.hoopersbeta.com/library/why-do-some-climbers-struggle-with-crossovers.Cited in Crossing hands, Problem 2: Traverse.
  144. Gresham, N.: The Trick to Pulling Harder Isn’t Actually to Pull Harder, https://www.climbing.com/skills/drop-knee-climbing-technique/.Cited in Crossing hands, Drop knee, Lock-off, Opposition.
  145. Gresham, N.: Struggle on Pinches? Here’s How to Build Pinch Strength, https://www.climbing.com/skills/training-pinch-strength/.Cited in Layback, Compression.
  146. Jorgeson, K.: How Kevin Jorgeson Practices Perfect Footwork, https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-improve-footwork-climbing/.Cited in Backstep.
  147. Silver, M.: 13 Hacks for Short Climbers, From Creative Moves to Gear, https://www.climbing.com/gear/13-tips-for-short-climbers-from-creative-moves-to-gear/.Cited in Backstep, Deadpoint, Climbing small.
  148. Rowland, D.: Advanced Drop-Knees Techniques, https://philarockgym.com/twist-locking-series-advanced-drop-knees-techniques/.Cited in Drop knee.
  149. Luu, A.: The Hidden Dangers of This Steep Climbing Technique, https://www.climbing.com/skills/the-hidden-dangers-of-a-technique-for-steep-climbing/.Cited in Drop knee.
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  157. Randall, T.: Does Ape Index Matter in Climbing?, https://latticetraining.com/blog/does-ape-index-matter-in-climbing-lattice-training.Cited in Compression.
  158. Zentralstelle für Schulsport und Bewegungsförderung: Praxis Griffarten, https://zfs.bildung.hessen.de/klettern/wwl4cnb8xu/technik/greifen/2_griffarten.pdf.Cited in Hands and holds, Every hold has a direction, Positive and negative holds, Contact strength and grip endurance, Jug, Pinch, Re-gripping and adjusting, Pocket.
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  160. NICAS: NICAS Bouldering, https://nicas.co.uk/schemes/bouldering/.Cited in Hands and holds, Grade by grade, VB–V0 (Font 3–4+).
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  164. Amca, A.M., Arıtan, S.: Effect of hold sloper angle and hold depth on maximal finger force capacity of rock climbers. In: 33rd International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, Poitiers. pp. 761–763 (2015).Cited in Positive and negative holds, Half crimp, Open hand, Sloper.
  165. Rockcity Climbing Holds: Dual Texture, https://rockcityclimbingholds.com/volumes/dual-texture/.Cited in Positive and negative holds, Mantle, Re-gripping and adjusting.
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  167. Gresham, N.: 4 Grip Techniques for Milking the Most out of Handholds, https://www.climbing.com/skills/master-these-4-grip-techniques-for-safe-efficient-and-successful-sending?scope=anon.Cited in Jug, Half crimp, Open hand, Using the thumb, Full crimp.
  168. VDiff Climbing: Handholds – Improve Your Climbing Technique, https://www.vdiffclimbing.com/sport-technique-handholds/.Cited in Jug, Open hand, Pinch, Pocket.
  169. Torr, O.: Why Do We Train Half Crimp?, https://latticetraining.com/blog/why-do-we-train-half-crimp/.Cited in Half crimp, Open hand, VB–V0 (Font 3–4+).
  170. Marie: How Long Does It Take to Move Up through Bouldering Grades?, https://boulderingboss.com/how-long-does-it-take-to-move-up-through-bouldering-grades/.Cited in Half crimp, Full crimp, VB–V0 (Font 3–4+), From V4 to V5.
  171. Climbing.com: How to Avoid Climbing Finger Injuries According to a Physio, https://www.climbing.com/skills/training/how-to-avoid-climbing-finger-injuries-according-to-a-physio/?scope=anon.Cited in Half crimp, Open hand, Full crimp.
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